習(xí)近平生態(tài)文明思想系列報(bào)道
代表作1：
原文：
By YANG WANLI in Beijing and YUAN HUI in Hohhot
Raising sheep used to be the lifeblood of tens of thousands of herdsmen in Saruultuya Gastaa, in Inner Mongolia's Xiliin Gol League, but the animals took a tremendous toll on the environment.
During the second session of the 13th National People's Congress, the country's top legislature, in March 2019, President Xi Jinping, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, participated in a discussion held by deputies from Inner Mongolia.
"We should explore new ways for high-quality development, which prioritize ecological protection and the green economy," Xi said. "More efforts should also be made to protect the ecosystem and guard the beautiful scenery on China's northern border."
China is a country rich in grassland resources. Its natural grasslands, the world's biggest, cover an area of 3.92 million square kilometers-12 percent of the global total-according to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration.
However, the grasslands suffered from serious overgrazing, leading to degradation and desertification in the 1980s.
Grassland degradation is a biotic disturbance in which grass struggles to grow or can no longer exist due to factors such as overgrazing, the burrowing of small mammals and climate change, said Gao Wenyuan, a researcher at the Inner Mongolia Grassland Work Station.
He said a typical case was in neighboring Horqin, long famed for its beautiful grassland landscape but now the country's largest expanse of sandy land, which grew rapidly from 423,104 sq km in 1959 to 611,104 sq km in 1987. Thanks to recent rectification efforts, it now covers 408,000 sq km.
To prevent grassland desertification, China's central government has prohibited grazing in some areas and placed limits on the practice in others.
Ting responded quickly, fencing off about 20 hectares of his grassland in 1986. The next year, the forage on this rested land had almost tripled, and many herding families decided to follow his lead.
"Feeding livestock with fodder is very demanding in terms of cost and the labor required," he said. "More importantly, meat from livestock raised on grassland has a reputation for tasting good and being nutritious due to the traditional way of grazing. We needed to figure out new ways that maintained the meat's high quality."
"The profit from selling a steer was also almost five times higher than for a sheep," he said.
Nearly 80 percent of the herdsmen in Saruultuya Gastaa now raise beef cattle. When Ting retired as the village's Party secretary in 2015, its annual per capita income had risen to 18,000 yuan ($2,560)-up from barely 40 yuan two decades before.
Concerted efforts
Between 2013 and 2017, more than 82,000 cases of illegal use of grassland and illegal grazing were handled nationwide. The number of grassland rangers has also continued to rise, hitting 200,000 by the end of 2017, according to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration.
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, ecological civilization has been listed as one of China's five major goals in its drive to become a moderately well-off society by 2020.
"China must pursue the vision of innovative, coordinated, green and open development that is for everyone, accelerate forming spatial patterns, industrial structures, production and living modes that are resource-saving and environmentally friendly, and provide time and space for the natural ecology to rehabilitate," he said.
"President Xi's remarks this year guide us again as to our future development road," said Chen Liang, an NPC deputy from Inner Mongolia.
Since July last year, he has been working in the league's village of Baiyin, encouraging farmers to grow oats and alfalfa, which he called an example of a green agricultural economy that brings both stable incomes and a better environment.
Bearing fruit
Home to 880,000 sq km of grassland, nearly a quarter of the country's total, Inner Mongolia has stepped up efforts to enhance grassland protection, with the average vegetation coverage of its pastures rising to 44 percent in 2018 from 30 percent in 2000, according to a report by the regional government last year.
The autonomous region's beautiful natural scenery and improvements to its environment are attracting an increasing number of tourists, making local people more enthusiastic about protecting its grassland.
"In past decades, Inner Mongolia has witnessed a green miracle," Mu said. "In the future, we will conduct strict surveillance of the grassland via satellite remote sensing technology."
"More innovative ways will be encouraged to control the sands for a better ecological system," Mu said. "We will also support cooperation between organizations in Inner Mongolia and other regions."
譯文：
草原助力中國綠色發(fā)展之路
作者：楊萬麗、袁慧
放了一輩子牧的內(nèi)蒙古牧民廷·巴特，在勸導(dǎo)周圍牧民改變傳統(tǒng)放牧觀念、修復(fù)草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)這件事情上，從來沒有一絲猶豫。
居住在錫林郭勒盟薩如拉圖雅嘎查的牧民們，世世代代都以放羊?yàn)樯?。但他們不知道的是，放羊?qū)Σ菰鷳B(tài)環(huán)境來說有諸多弊端。
65歲的廷·巴特提出了一個(gè)大膽的想法——讓大家養(yǎng)牛。正是這個(gè)選擇，給草原的今天帶來了新的希望。
2019年3月，中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習(xí)近平在參加十三屆全國人大二次會(huì)議內(nèi)蒙古代表團(tuán)審議時(shí)發(fā)表重要講話。
習(xí)近平強(qiáng)調(diào)，要保持加強(qiáng)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略定力。努力探索出一條符合戰(zhàn)略定位、體現(xiàn)內(nèi)蒙古特色，以生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展為導(dǎo)向的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展新路子。
習(xí)近平指出，構(gòu)筑我國北方重要生態(tài)安全屏障，把祖國北疆這道風(fēng)景線建設(shè)得更加亮麗，必須以更大的決心、付出更為艱巨的努力。
豐富的草原資源.
中國是一個(gè)草原大國。據(jù)國家林業(yè)和草原局統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國有天然草原392萬平方公里（3.92億公頃），約占全球草原面積12%，位居世界第一。
國家林業(yè)和草原局草原監(jiān)理中心副主任劉加文介紹說，中國的草原資源面積占國土面積的40%多，高于耕地和森林面積的總和。
然而，過度放牧使草原在上世紀(jì)80年代遭遇了退化和荒漠化問題。
在錫林郭勒盟，受干旱、過度放牧、保護(hù)缺乏等影響，發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的草原退化和荒漠化。在薩如拉圖雅嘎查，草原退化面積曾一度高達(dá)70%。
內(nèi)蒙古草原工作站的研究員高文遠(yuǎn)介紹說，草原退化是草原自然生態(tài)不平衡的結(jié)果。過度放牧、小型哺乳動(dòng)物挖洞、氣候變化等因素都會(huì)導(dǎo)致草原生態(tài)失衡。
“退化初期只是小面積的草地枯死變黃，”他說。“如果這種情況沒能得到有效遏制，那么草原退化會(huì)蔓延到更多區(qū)域。極端情況下，大片草場會(huì)變成光禿禿的裸露土地”。
他介紹說，科爾沁草原就是這樣典型的草原退化案例。曾經(jīng)的科爾沁是遠(yuǎn)近聞名的豐茂草場，但如今卻成了全國面積增長最快的沙地，沙地面積從1959年的423104平方公里迅速增長到1987年的611104平方公里。在近年來生態(tài)修復(fù)工作努力下，科爾沁的沙地面積才穩(wěn)定控制在408000平方公里左右。
放牧應(yīng)當(dāng)控制
為了防止草原退化，政府在一些地區(qū)實(shí)施了禁牧或限制放牧的政策。
20世紀(jì)80年代初，內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)林業(yè)部門出臺(tái)了一系列措施，包括控制放牧面積、鼓勵(lì)牧民用飼料飼養(yǎng)牲畜。
廷·巴特也迅速行動(dòng)起來，響應(yīng)政策號(hào)召，在1986年就把自家的大約20公頃草場全部圍封。第二年，他家的草場產(chǎn)草量是以前的近三倍。這一嘗試，讓很多附近的牧民都紛紛效仿起來。
但廷·巴特很快意識(shí)到，光是提高牧草產(chǎn)量不是長久之計(jì)。
“用飼料喂牲口，在開銷和人力成本控制方面都是難度很大的，”他介紹說?！案匾氖牵菰系呐Ｑ蛉庵晕兜滥敲春?，營養(yǎng)豐富，全靠傳統(tǒng)的放牧方式。我們必須要想一個(gè)新辦法，保證肉質(zhì)的高質(zhì)量?！?/p>
通過不斷實(shí)踐，廷·巴特發(fā)現(xiàn)要減輕草原的負(fù)擔(dān)，村民們不僅需要減少牲口的數(shù)量，還應(yīng)該“減羊增牛”，因?yàn)榕３圆萁o草原帶來的傷害遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于羊，它們吃草不傷草根。
他算了一筆賬：“賣一頭牛的收益幾乎是一只羊的5倍”。
廷?巴特從自家做起，把家里400多只羊賣掉，全部改養(yǎng)肉牛。他還成功發(fā)展了生態(tài)旅游、乳業(yè)和牛肉加工業(yè)，促進(jìn)了當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，這也讓越來越多的牧民跟著他干起來。
如今，薩如拉圖雅嘎查有近80%的牧民養(yǎng)牛。2015年，當(dāng)廷?巴特從村書記的位置上退休時(shí)，村里的人均年收入已從20年前的僅40元提高到18000元。
到2016年，錫林郭勒盟有近一半的土地有植被覆蓋，植被覆蓋率比15年前翻了一番多。
努力從未止步
近年來全國各地都在推進(jìn)草原保護(hù)工作。2011年以來，共有13個(gè)省份和自治區(qū)實(shí)行了相關(guān)舉措，對(duì)參與禁牧或限制放牧的牧民實(shí)施生態(tài)補(bǔ)償。
國家林業(yè)和草原局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在2013至2017年間，全國共立案查處非法征占用草原以及亂開濫墾草原等破壞草原案件8.2萬多起。截至2017年底，草原生態(tài)管護(hù)員隊(duì)伍已發(fā)展到20萬人以上。
此外，不少地方政府還為牧民提供免費(fèi)再就業(yè)培訓(xùn)，鼓勵(lì)他們發(fā)展綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)，例如生態(tài)友好型旅游，或種植經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值較高的中草藥等。
黨的十八大以來，生態(tài)文明建設(shè)被納入中國特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)“五位一體”總體布局，力爭實(shí)現(xiàn)2020年全面建成小康社會(huì)的目標(biāo)。
在2018年全國生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)大會(huì)上，習(xí)近平再次強(qiáng)調(diào)“綠水青山就是金山銀山”。
他指出：“貫徹創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的發(fā)展理念，加快形成節(jié)約資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境的空間格局、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、生產(chǎn)方式、生活方式，給自然生態(tài)留下休養(yǎng)生息的時(shí)間和空間?！?/p>
今年（2020年）的十三屆全國人大三次會(huì)議期間，習(xí)近平參加內(nèi)蒙古代表團(tuán)審議時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)，要保持加強(qiáng)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略定力，牢固樹立生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展的導(dǎo)向，持續(xù)打好藍(lán)天、碧水、凈土保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)。
“總書記的一番話為我們未來的發(fā)展指明了方向，”全國人大代表陳良說道。
陳良是內(nèi)蒙古興安盟國有林場和森林公園管理局副局長。他表示，為了防止草原不當(dāng)利用，當(dāng)?shù)匾呀?jīng)出臺(tái)了嚴(yán)格的保護(hù)措施。
自去年（2019年）7月以來，陳良到興安盟的白音村當(dāng)起了駐村干部。他在村里推廣種植燕麥和苜蓿，打造綠色農(nóng)業(yè)，為當(dāng)?shù)厝颂峁┝朔€(wěn)定的收入來源，更美化了鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境。
陳良介紹說：“相比玉米這樣的傳統(tǒng)作物，燕麥和苜蓿的種植對(duì)環(huán)境更加有利，而且適宜當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境生長。更重要的是，燕麥和苜蓿還能提高土壤的穩(wěn)定性”。
綠色的碩果
近年來，內(nèi)蒙古通過實(shí)施禁牧或限制放牧措施、退耕還林還草工程等，讓草原逐漸恢復(fù)了綠色生機(jī)。
內(nèi)蒙古擁有88萬平方公里的草原，草原面積占全國草原總面積的近四分之一。去年（2019年）自治區(qū)政府公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，通過不斷加大草原保護(hù)力度，內(nèi)蒙古草原植被平均蓋度從2000年的30%提高到2018年的44%。
內(nèi)蒙古林業(yè)和草原局局長牧遠(yuǎn)介紹說，內(nèi)蒙古草原已有68萬平方公里的區(qū)域?qū)嵤┝私?，全區(qū)人工草場面積也由1980年的5233平方公里增加到了現(xiàn)在的2萬平方公里。
風(fēng)光如畫的草原景致和日益變美的環(huán)境也吸引了越來越多的游客到內(nèi)蒙古，旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了當(dāng)?shù)啬撩癖Ｗo(hù)草原的積極性。
內(nèi)蒙古旅游局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2019年全年，自治區(qū)接待的游客數(shù)量超過1.95億人次，旅游收益4650億元，較上一年增長12%。
牧遠(yuǎn)說：“過去幾十年里，內(nèi)蒙古見證了地區(qū)發(fā)展的綠色奇跡。今后，我們會(huì)進(jìn)一步利用衛(wèi)星遙感技術(shù)對(duì)草原實(shí)施有效監(jiān)測?！?/p>
他表示，內(nèi)蒙古林草部門也會(huì)推動(dòng)使用科技手段進(jìn)行草原生態(tài)修復(fù)，并幫助其他地區(qū)、甚至其他國家對(duì)抗荒漠化問題，讓地球變得更綠。
“我們會(huì)鼓勵(lì)采取更多的創(chuàng)新化治理方法，控制土地沙化，改善生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，也會(huì)促進(jìn)內(nèi)蒙古本地機(jī)構(gòu)和組織開展跨區(qū)域合作，”他說。
代表作2：
原文：
After logging ban, workers become rangers tapping potential of forest resources
For generations, they and their ancestors had felled and processed trees for meager wages among the Greater Hinggan Mountains in the forest-rich province, a stronghold of China's sprawling network of State-owned forest farms.
Shortly after the ban was introduced, the Qianshao Forest Farm, Sun's employer, opened another door for its workers.
To make up for the shortfall, the farm allowed staff members to start businesses as a sideline, hoping they would receive a financial boost by tapping other forest resources in an environmentally friendly way.
But as the supply of wild mushrooms was constrained by seasonal factors, Sun then saw a business opportunity in the mountain springs that flow freely in the forests. In 2018, he set up a distillery that makes baijiu－at a small facility offered by the farm free of charge. Sun said that he uses spring water and rice, a local specialty, as raw materials, unlike local competitors who commonly use corn.
"We're planning to hire more hands," said Sun, 46, who started working as a lumberjack in 1990."We'll first consider my fellow workers at the farm who have been in financial difficulties."
The successes at Qianshao have set an example for more than 4,800 State-owned forest farms scattered across China as they attempt to shift their focus from the exploitation of forests' timber resources to their preservation, in line with government policies.
The forest farm reforms that started in Heilongjiang six years ago are part of a broader effort by the central authorities to revitalize the economies of former heavy industrial bases in northern and northeastern provinces that have lost steam due to the gradual depletion of oil deposits and other natural resources.
In Beijing last year, he told legislators from northern China's Inner Mongolia autonomous region that strategic resolve was needed when it came to building an eco-friendly economy. He described the protection of the country's environment as being embedded in China's overall development strategy, and highlighted its particular relevance to the development of Inner Mongolia.
At a forest farm in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, last year, Xi said that building an ecological security barrier in northern China was a strategic task. While visiting an afforestation area in the northwestern province of Gansu last year, he called for a spirit of perseverance and sustained efforts in building a beautiful China.
Ecological barrier
Armies of urban youth, soldiers, workers and officials were deployed to the region in the following decades to bolster the production of timber－The massive project fueled China's rapid industrialization by providing more than 200 million cubic meters of timber and tens of billions of yuan in tax revenue by 2015, Xinhua News Agency reported, citing local authorities.
The damage reached a crescendo in 1987, when a fire believed to have been caused by a careless worker destroyed more than 10,000 square kilometers of forest among the rolling mountains and killed hundreds of people. Direct economic losses were calculated at 500 million yuan.
In 1998, China launched the Natural Forest Preservation Project in a dozen regions including Heilongjiang and neighboring Jilin province. It was later expanded nationwide, leading to a considerable reduction in logging in natural forest zones.
two-and-a-half times as much as the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric project－The push for greener development was reinforced in 2012, when the Party added environmental preservation to its blueprint for the overall construction of a socialist society. It had previously listed four sectors: the economy, politics, culture and civil society.
The total area of China's forests increased by almost 130,000 sq km between 2014 and 2018, according to the ninth survey of national forest resources published last year. That has boosted China's forest coverage rate to 22.96 percent, 1.33 percentage points higher than in 2014.
In 2017, an afforestation project in Saihanba, Hebei province, won the UN Environment Program's Champions of the Earth award. The area used to be a lush imperial hunting ground, but turned into a sprawling desert due to decades of excessive logging, fueling sandstorms across North China. The restoration project, which started in the 1960s, eventually turned the desert into a national forest park.
Heilongjiang's timber output peaked at 15.7 million cubic meters in 1978, but plummeted to 894,000 cubic meters in 2013, before the ban on commercial logging in natural forests was introduced.
The extension of the ban saw more forest farms roll out aid to employees as they put down their chain saws and picked up other trades.
Born into a lumberjack family, Gu joined the local forest farm in 1990. As the logging mainly took place in the coldest months－she has chronic rheumatism.
"We would take steamed buns for meals, and put them close to the skin to keep them warm."
Some of her neighbors became self-taught tour guides after the local government built lumberjack-themed homestays reminiscent of life in the area in the 1950s.
To make up for the shortfall in timber output, China launched an initiative in 2018 to increase the number of plantations to boost usable timber reserves.
Six regions have been designated for the development of timber reserve forests, including coastal regions in southeastern China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cluster, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration said in a circular issued four years ago.
譯文：
林業(yè)改革助推綠色轉(zhuǎn)型
作者：李磊、周慧穎
禁伐令下，伐木工變護(hù)林員開發(fā)森林的綠色資源
六年前，對(duì)于孫學(xué)水和黑龍江省成千上萬的伐木工人來說，一扇門對(duì)他們關(guān)上了。
他們幾代人都曾在大興安嶺以砍伐、加工樹木為生。
然而在2014年，黑龍江省全面停止了天然林商業(yè)性采伐，試圖尋找一條綠色發(fā)展道路。
很快，前哨林場，也就是孫學(xué)水工作的地方，為他們打開了另一扇門。
盡管木材收入大幅下降，前哨林場并沒有裁人，而是把伐木工們調(diào)到了新崗位，擔(dān)任護(hù)林員，負(fù)責(zé)森林防火防蟲的巡邏。新崗位的工資比之前低一些。
為了彌補(bǔ)收入的下降，前哨林場鼓勵(lì)工人們搞副業(yè)，通過更加環(huán)保的方式開發(fā)森林資源、致富增收。
看到大山里野蘑菇到處都是，城里人對(duì)有機(jī)食品青睞有加，老孫做起了野生菌加工。
但野生蘑菇的產(chǎn)量受季節(jié)制約，老孫于是又在山泉中看到商機(jī)。2018年，他在林場免費(fèi)提供的一間平房里辦起了酒廠。當(dāng)?shù)卮蠖嗍怯衩揍劸?，老孫別出心裁，用山間清泉和大米做原材料釀酒。
小酒廠盈利頗豐，于是去年（2019年）老孫擴(kuò)建了酒廠，年產(chǎn)能達(dá)到了1萬公升。
“我們打算雇傭更多的人手，我們會(huì)首先考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的林場職工?！崩蠈O說。46歲的老孫是從1990年開始做伐木工的。
除了酒廠，前哨農(nóng)場還建了140個(gè)食用菌大棚，解決了150名林場職工的就業(yè)問題。負(fù)責(zé)該項(xiàng)目的林場干部魏然寶說，因?yàn)橛辛诉@些大棚，2014年林場職工的人均年收入增加了約3400元。如今他們年收入能達(dá)到5萬元。
前哨林場的成功轉(zhuǎn)型是全國4800多家國有林場中的一個(gè)典范。按照國家政策，全國范圍內(nèi)的國有林場都在把工作重點(diǎn)從開發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)向保護(hù)林業(yè)資源。
前哨林場的事跡也突顯出森林資源利用的“綠色”潛力，印證了習(xí)近平主席2005年在擔(dān)任中共浙江省委書記時(shí)提出的“綠水青山就是金山銀山”科學(xué)論斷。
六年前在黑龍江拉開序幕的林場改革，是中央重振東北老工業(yè)基地和北部省份經(jīng)濟(jì)的諸多舉措之一。這些地區(qū)在石油等自然資源逐漸枯竭后都面臨著發(fā)展難題。
中共中央總書記、中央軍委主席習(xí)近平2016年在黑龍江伊春考察調(diào)研時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)了生態(tài)保護(hù)的重要性，并要求在全面停止商業(yè)性采伐之后摸索產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展路子。
去年（2019年）在北京，習(xí)近平總書記（在參加他所在的十三屆全國人大二次會(huì)議內(nèi)蒙古代表團(tuán)審議時(shí)）強(qiáng)調(diào)，要保持加強(qiáng)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略定力。他強(qiáng)調(diào)了生態(tài)文明建設(shè)在黨和國家事業(yè)發(fā)展中的地位，也指出了生態(tài)對(duì)于內(nèi)蒙的重要作用。
在加快生態(tài)保護(hù)和建設(shè)“美麗中國”的大背景下，林場改革被視為筑牢邊境地區(qū)生態(tài)安全屏障的一個(gè)抓手。“美麗中國”是2012年年底首次提出的。
習(xí)近平去年（2019年）在內(nèi)蒙古赤峰一個(gè)林場考察時(shí)說，建設(shè)祖國北方生態(tài)安全屏障是戰(zhàn)略性的任務(wù)。去年（2019年）他在甘肅省一處人造林考察時(shí)激勵(lì)人們投身生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，持續(xù)用力，久久為功，為建設(shè)美麗中國而奮斗。
習(xí)近平指出，我們要實(shí)現(xiàn)從富起來到強(qiáng)起來，就要把生態(tài)文明建設(shè)當(dāng)作大事來抓。他強(qiáng)調(diào)，要讓“綠色長城”堅(jiān)不可摧。
生態(tài)屏障
20世紀(jì)50年代，新中國工業(yè)化的推進(jìn)，催生了對(duì)木材的需求。于是國家把目光投向了森林密布的大興安嶺。
對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)還是個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)國的新中國，木材生產(chǎn)對(duì)鐵路和其他基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)至關(guān)重要。在接下來的幾十年里，大量知青、士兵、工人和干部被派往大興安嶺，提高木材產(chǎn)量。他們中的很多人在新城鎮(zhèn)里定居下來。
新華社一篇援引當(dāng)?shù)卣⒌膱?bào)道稱，到2015年，大興安嶺為中國提供了超過2億立方米的木材，帶來數(shù)百億元的稅收收入，快速推動(dòng)了工業(yè)化。
然而，幾十年來不加控制的人類活動(dòng)破壞了那里大片的原始森林和濕地。這些生態(tài)屏障是抵御西伯利亞冷空氣和蒙古高原大風(fēng)的，同時(shí)也是包括黑龍江在內(nèi)的幾條大河的源頭。
1987年，破壞達(dá)到了頂峰。當(dāng)時(shí)一場人為引起的大火摧毀了巍巍大興安嶺中超過1萬平方公里的森林，造成數(shù)百人死亡，直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失達(dá)5億元。
1998年，長江和松花江流域發(fā)生大規(guī)模洪澇災(zāi)害。洪災(zāi)、火災(zāi)促使人們關(guān)注到了過去幾十年開發(fā)森林資源的生態(tài)成本，促使政府采取行動(dòng)。
1998年，中國在黑龍江和吉林等十幾個(gè)地區(qū)啟動(dòng)了天然林保護(hù)工程。此后，“天保工程”擴(kuò)大到全國范圍，使得自然林區(qū)的采伐大幅減少。
次年（1999年），中國啟動(dòng)了退耕還林還草工程。據(jù)時(shí)任國家林業(yè)和草原局局長張建龍?jiān)谌ツ辏?019年）退耕還林還草工程20年新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上介紹，截至去年（2019年），該工程共投資5000億元，是世界最大水電工程三峽大壩總投資的2.5倍。
2012年，黨的十八大把生態(tài)文明建設(shè)納入中國特色社會(huì)主義事業(yè)總體布局，和經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化和社會(huì)建設(shè)并列，進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)綠色發(fā)展。
這些舉措將在未來幫助中國實(shí)現(xiàn)2035年森林覆蓋率提高到26%、在本世紀(jì)中葉達(dá)到全球平均水平的目標(biāo)。
去年（2019年）發(fā)布的第九次國家森林資源調(diào)查顯示，2014年至2018年中國森林總面積增加了近13萬平方公里，森林覆蓋率達(dá)到22.96%，比2014年提高了1.33個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。
聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織發(fā)布的《2020年全球森林資源評(píng)估報(bào)告》顯示，過去10年，中國森林面積年均凈增19370平方公里，居世界首位。
2017年，河北省塞罕壩造林項(xiàng)目獲得聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署“地球衛(wèi)士獎(jiǎng)”。塞罕壩曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)郁郁蔥蔥的皇家狩獵場，但后因開圍放墾，退化為荒漠沙地，助長了沙塵暴肆虐華北。20世紀(jì)60年代開始，一代又一代在塞罕壩植樹造林，最終將這片荒漠變成了國家森林公園。
伐木工主題民宿
黑龍江的木材產(chǎn)量在1978年達(dá)到1570萬立方米的峰值，在天然林商業(yè)采伐禁令出臺(tái)之前的2013年驟降至89.4萬立方米。
2015年，禁伐令在全國范圍內(nèi)推廣。國家林業(yè)和草原局表示，在截至2017年年底的三年中，中國主要林場的木材產(chǎn)量平均每年下降373萬立方米。
隨著全國禁伐天然林，越來越多的林場職工放下油鋸，在林場幫助下找到謀生的新行當(dāng)。
顧長云就是這些林場職工中的一員，她來自大興安嶺西南的內(nèi)蒙古阿爾山一個(gè)風(fēng)景如畫的伐木小鎮(zhèn)。
她出生在一個(gè)伐木工人家庭，1990年開始在當(dāng)?shù)亓謭龉ぷ?。伐木工主要在冬季作業(yè)——土壤被凍得硬梆梆的，這樣就更容易把砍倒的樹拖出來——她得了慢性風(fēng)濕病。
“我們一大清早就出發(fā)，天黑了才回家，”48歲的顧大姐說?！拔覀儠?huì)帶著饅頭當(dāng)午餐，把饅頭貼近皮肉來保暖。” 她26歲的兒子在中國西南部的四川省打工。
近年來，當(dāng)?shù)卣k起了手工藝品作坊，用樺樹皮制作旅游紀(jì)念品，給顧大姐等45名貧困工人帶來了收入。她兩年前加入這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，現(xiàn)在月薪2000元。
當(dāng)?shù)卣€辦起了伐木工人主題民宿，帶游客穿越到1950年代體驗(yàn)生活，顧大姐的一些鄰居成了導(dǎo)游。
民宿項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人韓忠勇表示，該項(xiàng)目促進(jìn)了道路、供水、供暖和排水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)。
為了彌補(bǔ)木材產(chǎn)量的不足，中國在2018年發(fā)布了國家儲(chǔ)備林建設(shè)規(guī)劃。
根據(jù)國家林業(yè)和草原局印發(fā)的通知，東南沿海地區(qū)、長江中下游地區(qū)、京津冀地區(qū)等六大區(qū)域承擔(dān)國家儲(chǔ)備林建設(shè)任務(wù)。
代表作3：
原文：
Environmental improvements at lakes demonstrate green path of development
The lakes, each with an area of more than 30 square kilometers, have a vital role to play in several respects, including preventing floods, providing drinking water and irrigation for farming, and attracting tourists.
Erhai Lake, the second-largest of the lakes and a popular scenic spot, has made progress in treating pollution and has become a role model for the others.
The large numbers of tourists and migrants who came to Erhai led to increased demand in many sectors, but the farms, property developments and hotels that catered to their needs discharged pollutants into the lake.
President Xi Jinping has always attached great importance to the protection and improvement of the country's water system, as well as the balance between economic development and environmental protection.
During his tour, Xi had a photo taken with local officials beside the lake and said he hoped its water quality would be improved when he made his next visit.
and tourist-related runoff.
But the improvement in the water quality two years later showed the people of Dali a greener path to development and their concerns eased.
The 45-year-old spent about 10 million yuan ($1.4 million) to build the hotel in 2014 and he received 6 million yuan in compensation from the government when it was demolished.
"At that time, we innkeepers didn't understand it and refused to sign the contracts agreeing to demolition," he said. "We were worried about our future. I was the first to accept it because I knew the government would protect Erhai Lake and there was no need to oppose it."
The ear-shaped lake lies parallel to Cangshan Mountain and 18 streams from the mountain flow into it. Due to the pleasant weather all year round, a constant stream of tourists visit Dali.
From 2011 to 2016, the number of tourists visiting Dali annually increased from about 15 million to 39 million, making the area increasingly crowded and polluted.
In 2018, the government announced that 1,806 households or homestay hotels needed to be demolished to transform the lakeside into an ecological park.
The government's actions had an immediate effect on the number of tourists visiting Erhai and Cangshan Mountain, which fell to 19.8 million in 2018, down 3.6 percent from 2016, even though tourist visits to the prefecture rose by 20 percent to 47 million.
"I have restarted my business outside the protection zone," he said. "Everything will be fine and back on track. The water quality of Erhai Lake is becoming better and tourists will be attracted back so that our business will boom again."
"From the 1990s, lakes that had been severely polluted by discharges and disturbed by human activities lost their chemical balance and suffered from aquatic bloom outbreaks, which had a serious impact on drinking water safety and the lake ecosystems," Zheng wrote in Democracy and Science magazine in 2018.
Since 1998, the country's top environmental watchdog has been reporting annually on the water quality of China's three most polluted major lakes－In 2007, the central government launched a technology-focused response to water pollution in the three lakes, as well as Erhai and the Three Gorges Reservoir.
In 2016, Taihu Lake became the first of the three major lakes to have no water rated below Grade V and last year more than 90 percent of its water reached Grade II or III, according to an annual report published by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.
For seven months of last year, the water quality of Erhai Lake was Grade II－a month longer than in 2017, the local government said.
Last year, one-third of the water in Dianchi Lake was rated Grade II, whereas none met that quality standard in 2018.
People's support
Lake chiefs supervise aquatic resource protection, pollution prevention and control, and environmental restoration. Their performance is assessed and they are held accountable for environmental damage.
"At the beginning, most of them didn't support the bans," Chen said. "After we explained the importance and necessity of protecting Erhai Lake and talked with them about the pollution they generated, they changed their attitude from resistance to understanding."
Zhang Bo, head of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment's Department of Water Ecology and Environment, said at a news conference in February last year that despite recent progress, it still took longer to restore a lake than a river, where the flow of water was faster.
譯文：
美麗中國新愿景，青山綠水變現(xiàn)實(shí)
湖泊水質(zhì)及其周圍環(huán)境的改善展現(xiàn)了綠色發(fā)展路徑
云南省九大湖泊如同兩串珍珠，坐落在西南地區(qū)這片紅土高原上。
九大湖面積都在30平方公里以上，它們?cè)诜篮?、提供飲用水源、農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉和吸引游客等方面發(fā)揮重要作用。
然而20世紀(jì)80年代，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的同時(shí)湖泊逐漸受到污染，這促使當(dāng)?shù)卣D(zhuǎn)換思維，從不顧一切發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)到不惜一切治理污染。
洱海是九大湖中的第二大湖，也是備受歡迎的旅游景點(diǎn)。近年來，洱海治理污染取得了成效，為其他地區(qū)做出了榜樣。
洱海一直以來是都市人尋求田園生活的熱門目的地。然而，不斷增加的游客和前來定居的人們讓位于湖畔的大理白族自治州經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的同時(shí)，洱海亦逐漸失去往日光彩。
大量的游客和洱海移民給許多行業(yè)帶來需求的增長，但服務(wù)他們需要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)和酒店生意，都污染了洱海水質(zhì)。
對(duì)于地方政府而言，保護(hù)洱海意味著削減或叫停上述行業(yè)，放棄利潤豐厚的財(cái)政稅收來源。
習(xí)近平主席一直以來高度重視水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)，并強(qiáng)調(diào)要正確處理好經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系。
2015年，中共中央總書記、中央軍委主席習(xí)近平到云南洱?？疾?，囑咐當(dāng)?shù)馗刹亢腿罕娨欢ㄒ讯１Ｗo(hù)好。
他同當(dāng)?shù)馗刹吭诤吅嫌昂笳f：“立此存照，過幾年再來，希望水更干凈清澈?！?/p>
2017年，云南省政府宣布了一系列措施，包括關(guān)停一些客棧以及改變農(nóng)作物大水大肥種植模式，以保護(hù)洱海免受農(nóng)業(yè)和旅游業(yè)排放的污染。
這些政策措施使其快速增長的旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)戛然而止，令很多人措手不及。
然而兩年后，洱海水質(zhì)的改善向大理地區(qū)的居民展示了一條更綠色的發(fā)展之路，緩解了他們的焦慮。
2018年，在大理經(jīng)營民宿的張福榮被告知，他1300平方米的民宿位于洱海沿岸100米以內(nèi)的保護(hù)區(qū)，要被拆除。
45歲的張福榮投資了約1000萬元，在2014年建起了這家民宿，拆除時(shí)他從政府那里獲得了600萬元的賠償金。
“當(dāng)時(shí)，民宿老板們不能理解，拒絕簽同意拆除的合同，”他說，“大家都擔(dān)心自己的未來。但我知道，政府這樣做是為了保護(hù)洱海，我不反對(duì)，所以我第一個(gè)簽了合同?！?/p>
生態(tài)公園
耳朵形狀的洱海與蒼山平行而列，十八條溪水自蒼山而下匯入洱海。由于全年氣候宜人，大理的游客絡(luò)繹不絕。
在洱海東岸，可以觀賞洱海蒼山的美麗風(fēng)景，倒映在湖面上的云朵形態(tài)萬千。
從2011年到2016年，大理州一年接待的游客從1500萬增加到3900萬，洱海周邊變得越發(fā)擁擠，污染加重。
地方政府表示當(dāng)時(shí)快速且無序的旅游業(yè)發(fā)展讓洱海沒機(jī)會(huì)休養(yǎng)生息，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)如污水處理設(shè)備也沒有到位。
2018年，大理州政府宣布要將洱海生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的1806戶居民搬遷走，在湖畔建設(shè)生態(tài)公園。
同時(shí)，叫停了所有洱海東岸進(jìn)行和規(guī)劃中的開發(fā)項(xiàng)目。
州政府的舉措直接影響了來蒼山洱海游覽的游客數(shù)量，2018年游客數(shù)量1980萬人次，比2016年下降了3.6%。盡管如此，2018年整個(gè)大理州接待的游客數(shù)量達(dá)到4700萬人次，比2016年增長了20%。
民宿老板張福榮說，他對(duì)大理和自己的未來有信心。
“我在保護(hù)區(qū)外重新開了民宿店，”他說，“一切都會(huì)好起來，會(huì)回到正軌的。隨著洱海的水質(zhì)越來越好，游客還會(huì)回來，我的生意也會(huì)越來越好。”
我國面積在1平方公里以上的湖泊有2865個(gè)。中國環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院的水環(huán)境學(xué)家鄭丙輝表示，糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)的三分之一在湖泊流域，工農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的三分之一來自湖泊流域。
“上世紀(jì)90年代以來，人類活動(dòng)和流域內(nèi)污染物的大量排放，致使部分湖泊水化學(xué)失調(diào)、水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)非良性演替，嚴(yán)重影響了湖泊的供水安全和生態(tài)健康，”鄭丙輝在《民主與科學(xué)》雜志2018年發(fā)表的一篇文章中寫道。
科技方法解決污染
1998年以來，生態(tài)環(huán)境部（原環(huán)保部）將三大污染最嚴(yán)重的湖泊——太湖、滇池和巢湖——的水質(zhì)列入其年度報(bào)告中。此后的十多年里，三湖泊的水質(zhì)都被評(píng)為劣五類，即已經(jīng)低于我國五類水質(zhì)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)中的最低等級(jí)。
2007年，中央政府啟動(dòng)了水體污染治理科技專項(xiàng)，把這三個(gè)湖泊以及洱海和三峽水庫都納入進(jìn)來。
江蘇太湖湖畔的印染、化工和食品生產(chǎn)等重點(diǎn)行業(yè)污染源，需要通過審查確保能夠達(dá)標(biāo)排放。太湖405公里湖濱帶的生態(tài)修復(fù)也完成了，作為防止污染源入侵太湖的緩沖帶。
生態(tài)環(huán)境部的報(bào)告顯示，2016年，太湖率先成為三湖泊中沒有劣五類水的水體。去年，太湖90%以上水體的水質(zhì)達(dá)到國家地表水II類及III類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
在大理，政府的治污努力也頗有成效。
當(dāng)?shù)卣硎?，去年?019年）洱海實(shí)現(xiàn)了7個(gè)月水質(zhì)為國家地表水II類，比2017年多一個(gè)月。
在云南昆明的滇池流域，工業(yè)企業(yè)也已經(jīng)退出湖濱帶，以將污染降到最低水平。
去年，滇池三分之一的水體水質(zhì)被列為國家地表水II類，而2018年滇池水質(zhì)沒能達(dá)到此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
今年（2020年）1月，習(xí)近平主席到云南考察調(diào)研，察看了滇池（星海半島）生態(tài)濕地，再次強(qiáng)調(diào)了生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和綠色發(fā)展的重要性。
人民的支持
2018年，全國共設(shè)立了24000名湖長，保護(hù)湖泊生態(tài)。湖長制與河長制類似。
湖長負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督水資源保護(hù)、水污染防治和湖泊生態(tài)修復(fù)。政府將考核他們的工作表現(xiàn)，并對(duì)造成生態(tài)環(huán)境損害的，追究其責(zé)任。
大理白族自治州州委書記陳堅(jiān)8月份接受中國日?qǐng)?bào)采訪時(shí)表示，洱海水污染治理的成效離不開當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣?。他說，如果沒有民眾的支持，政府工作不能取得進(jìn)展。
“一開始有些人不理解，”陳說?！暗谖覀兘忉屃吮Ｗo(hù)洱海的重要性和必要性、以及污染如何產(chǎn)生之后，他們的態(tài)度從不理解變?yōu)槔斫?，從不支持變?yōu)橹С帧！?/p>
生態(tài)環(huán)境部水生態(tài)環(huán)境司司長張波在去年（2019年）二月新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上表示，盡管湖泊治理取得了一些進(jìn)步，但仍任重道遠(yuǎn)。湖泊治理周期較河流長，因?yàn)槠淞鲃?dòng)相對(duì)緩慢。
